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     ctk ( - 203.218.166.193) Rating: N/A |
3 persons submitted their class work. They are OK. But how about others, 7A??? | ||
| Peter Fung Rating: N/A |
1. Describe the various stages by which the Second Empire was transformed into a parliamentary democracy. There were three stages by which the Second Empire was transformed into a parliamentary democracy under the concessions of Napoleon III starting from 1859. They were the stages of the beginning of the concession, the introducing of liberal measures and then the introduction of parliamentary democracy. Napoleon started his concession towards the liberals after a period of his personal dictatorship when he got the power. This, in fact, came from the constitution of 1852 which gave him absolute power for a ten-year period. Added with the opposition in France about his economic and foreign policies, he made his concessions in 1859. He gave an amnesty to all political exiles at that year, then he allowed the Parliament to gain greater legislative and financial freedom in 1860-1. By this, the press was allowed to record parliamentary debates. The right for the workers to strike was allowed in 1864. It was a compromise from him to carry out those concessions for his power to continue. For years followed the concessions, further liberal measures were made. The ．Third Party・ and the liberals in the Chamber mainly brought this. The ．Third Party・ was a former group supporting the government, but it broke away from it later. Meanwhile, the liberals asked Napoleon to stop autocratic rule or they would not support him. By 1867, increased powers were given to the legislature, including the right of interpolation. In 1868, there was an Act to encourage the growth of trade-unionism, a relax in the press censorship and a permission for limited right of public meeting. Finally, the parliamentary democracy came into practice under the cooperation of the ．Third Party・ and the Lefts which controlled the Chamber as a majority. A responsible ministry was set up in 1869 and the Legislative Assembly was given powers in the matters of laws, budget and choosing officials. One year later, the Senate was converted into an upper house to share power with the Assembly. All these showed the changes in the political development in France which became more liberal in 1870s. 2. What did Napoleon III achieve in foreign affairs before 1861? Napoleon achieved quiet a lot in the foreign affairs before 1861. He was successful to bring the influence and restore the prestige of France in Europe. He expanded French colonials, secured her boundaries in the south-east, and won in war before 1861. Napoleon secured French boundaries in the south-east by taking Savoy and Nice through supporting Italian Unification in 1859-60. From the victory in the Crimean war in 1856, she can show her military power. Also, she could become the centre of diplomacy in Europe in the Congress of Paris at that year, added with the backing for the success of the Rumanian Revolution in 1862, the influence was restored after the fall of his uncle. He expanded the colonials in west Africa and Indo-China. France occupied Coast of Guinea and Dahomey, Saigon was captured by her as well. Added with the expeditions in China with Britain, as well as in Syria and Lebanon. France was successful in building up her influence and power outside Europe. Therefore, we can see that he was quite successful in the foreign affairs. He helped to bring the French power and influence back to Europe and to Africa as well as Asia. France was benefited from these foreign policies before 1861. 3. Explain in what way the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was a humiliation for France. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was a humiliation for France by bringing a failure to her expansion. This showed the miscalculation of Napoleon who wanted to gain territories through intervention in this war. Since he could not bring any real benefit to France in this affair. Napoleon wanted to mediate the conflicts between these German states so that he could be benefited from it. Therefore, he met Bismarck at Biarritz and offered his neutrality, then he did the same to Austria in 1865. From these, he helped to bring Venetia back to the Piedmont for her national movement. Although this was done after the war, France could not gain further as the war was ended so quickly that she was unable to contribute in the settlement, added with there was no any commitment with Bismarck for France to gain territories. So she could not gain from this. The miscalculation of Napoleon in the situation made France unable to mediate and then take benefits from the Austro-Prussian War. The humiliation for France was the waste of her effort in this as well as the treatment by Bismarck who broke her hope of gains in this German affair. Answer is OK. | ||
| ling sze (imscache01.netvigator.com - 205.252.144.24) Rating: N/A |
2.What did Napoleon III achieve in foreign affairs before 1861? Before 1861 Napoleon III succeed in achieving foreign affaires so that French influence and prestige were restored in Europe by expanding French boundaries in Europe as well as outside Europe, and participating in the Crimean War in 1854-6. In order to please the clericals by protecting the Roman Catholics while the Russian Czar Nicholas was claiming to protect the Christian of the Balkan Peninsula against their overlords the Turks and was claiming to protect the Holy Places in Jerusalem for the Greek Orthodox Church as against the Catholic Church, Napoleon provoked the Crimean War in 1854 with the joint of Britain. It was an opportunity for demonstrating French military prowess and for working closely with Britain. At last, Russia was defeated and the Treaty of Paris was imposed on Russia. In 1856, at the Congress of Paris, France was the diplomatic center of Europe and was recognized as the leading European military power. The Orsini bomb made Napoleon come to an agreement with Cavour. Napoleon III met Cavour secretly at Plombieres and signed the Compact of Plombieres on 29th July 1958. Here it was agreed that France and Piedmont should expel the Australians from Italy, and in return for his help, Napoleon would receive Savoy and Nice. As supported by Russia, Napoleon III discouraged Turkey and other powers from taking any protective action in the colonel Cuza. With the moral backing of France, the principalities secured ultimate unification and independence as Rumania in 1862. Outside Europe, France captured Saigon, moreover, sovereign rule was gradually extended over the indo-China region. In 1858-60 France joined with Britain in holding a successful expedition which was took place in Chain. In addition, in 1860 a French expedition intervened after the massacre of Christians had occurred in Syria and Lebanon. It withdrew the shortly afterwards so as not to alienate Britain. The coast of Guinea and Dahomey was occupied under the governorship of Faidherbe. 3.Explain in what way the Austro-Prussia War of 1866 was a humiliation for France. Napoleon III expected the lengthy war between Austria and Prussia would make France gained some territories if he mediates at the end in favor of the weaker party. Napoleon III reckoned that Prussia was weaker, thus he opened talk with Bismarck. At the meeting at Biarritz in April 1865 he offered French neutrality in the event of a war between Austria and Prussia. The suggested reward for France would be some territory west of the Rhine and the return of Venetia to Italy while Prussia won. In the Austro-French Agreement in 1866, Napoleon III gave his promise of neutrality to Austria. Handing over Venetia was the return for France・s help whether Austria won or lost the war that promised by Austria. However, all napoleon・s plans were upset as the Austro-Prussian War was rapidly ended and the Austro-Prussian peace terms were settled. Thus, he failed to mass an army on the Rhine after the battle of Sadowa. Nonetheless, France also failed to gain any benefit from the war as Napoleon demanded the extensive German territory. Before the peace terms were settled, Napoleon suggested Bismarck that there should some compensations for France, including a frontier up to the Rhine, and perhaps Mainz, Luxembourg and the Bavarian Palatinate. However, Bismarck had not committed himself to give anything to France, so he refused all the demands. Therefore, France was humiliated be the war between Austria and Prussia as she got none benefit from the war. 1.Describe the various stages by which the Second Empire was transformed into a parliamentary democracy. As Napoleon promised to make political concessions in 1852, he made several concessions in 1859. To him, it would be an advantage in sharing responsibilities with the legislature and to conciliate opponents as well as restore the confidence of the business world. An amnesty was granted to all political exiles but excepted Ledru-Rollin in 1859.The parliament granted greater legislative and financial freedom in 1860-1. The press also allowed recording parliament debates. The right of borrowing money while the legislature was not in session was proved too. As well as it was agreed that the budgets should be voted by session instead of an en bloc. Least but not less, workers were allowed the right to strike in 1864. By 1867 the Napoleonic Empire was declining while there were political unrests. The disastrous foreign policies brought the mounting pressure among the people and turning them to the side of the opposite parties. Thus, the opposite parties rose. This forced Napoleon gave in and made other political concessions. An increase in powers was given to the legislature which including the right of interpellation to questions in 1867. Moreover, an Act encouraged the growth of trade-unionism, while others relaxed the press censorship and permitted a limited right of public meeting. Therefore, it contributed to the growth of radicalism and trade-unionism, and an epidemic of strikes while the growth of the opposition press, both Orleanist and republican, was also brought. When the Third Party and the Left joined together demanding the creation of a responsible ministry which was granted in September 1869. The Legislative Assembly was allowed to propose laws, to criticize and vote the budget and to choose its own officials. In December, the leader of the Third Party, Emile Ollivier, was invited to form a cabinet representative of the majority of the legislature. Furthermore, a further political concession was made in 1870 after the assassination of a republican journalist, Victor Noir. In April the Senate was converted into an upper house, sharing legislative power with the Assembly. In addition, the plebiscite was held in May, which was going to support and strengthen the position of the Emperor, however, it just shown the people were supporting the Left Wing more than the French Government leading by Napoleon. All in all, although the political concessions were made by Napoleon, his empire would still be overthrown as a result of the poor foreign policies. Thus, the Second Empire was transformed into a parliament democracy. Answer is satisfactory. | ||
| Yat (cm61-10-229-98.hkcable.com.hk - 61.10.229.98) Rating: N/A |
Here's the third, thank you Mr. Chung Though France did not involved in the Austro-Prussian War, Napoleon did want to have some territorial gains by being a mediator between the two countries. Since 1865 the war seemed inevitable and Napoleon met Bismarck at Biarritz in April 1865. In the meeting, Napoleon offered French neutrality in case of an Austro-Prussian War in return for some land in the West Rhine and Venetia for Italy. Bismarck seemed interested but did not promise anything though France・s neutrality was nearly ensured. Then Napoleon met with Austria and promised to be neutral in case of an Austro-Prussian conflict. Austria dramatically promised to give Venetia, no matter she・d lose or win, to France for handing over to Italy. In return, if Austria was to win in the war, she will be free to make changes in the German states, except if it was to upset the balance of power, she had to consult France. The war between Austria and Prussia in 1866 ended so quickly that was known as the Seven Weeks・ War was out of Napoleon・s plan. No sooner did he have the time to persuade the French to intervene than the two powers had settle down. Napoleon failed to intervene in time yet he still wanted to have some gains from Prussia. As he thought that France should be rewarded for her neutrality as said in the Biarritz Meeting, maybe she could get the Rhine, or some southern German states. However, Bismarck cleverly did not commit Prussia in any paper and rejected all the demands from Napoleon. Thus, it humiliated France in not giving any reward that France was intended to get and left her in sole satisfaction in handling Venetia, but it was to be Italy・s, not France. France indeed got nothing from the war but humiliation. All right. | ||
| Yat (cm61-10-229-98.hkcable.com.hk - 61.10.229.98) Rating: N/A |
here is the second question. i can't find many references with the topic. Napoleon III was doing well before 1860 in the diplomacy affairs within and outside Europe. In Europe, France gained new position of power in the Crimean War in 1856. Posing herself as the protector of the Roman Catholic Church, Napoleon helped too provoke war between the powers. Using the tension between Britain and Russia, France appeared as a mediator in the Paris Peace conference, making herself a diplomatic center of Europe. By supporting the nationalist movement in the Balkans and Italy, France sought to achieve the revision of the Vienna Settlement. In the Balkans, France help in the independent movement in Romania. with the moral backing of France, the states of Moldavia and Wallachia could be united with no intervention from the powers, especially Turkey in 1857. The Franco-Piedmontese Alliance in 1858 also helped France to get Nice and Savoy in 1860. By helping Piedmont in uniting the northern Italy of Lombardy and the central Duchies, France gained prestige as well. Outside Europe, by the Second Opium War in China(1856-60), the joint expedition with Britain not only tighten the relationship between the two powers, but also help France in gaining many concession from China. The expansion in the Indo-China was also intensified as Saigon was captured and sovereign rule was extended over the region. The coast of Guinea and Dashomey in the West Africa was occupied as well under the governorship of Faidherbe. All in all, France was return to the position of a great power before 1860 but its postion after 1860 was going to decline as a result of the rising of Italy and Germany. This part is OK. | ||
| yatyee ( - 202.64.92.195) Rating: |
MAY I HAND IN THE FIRST QUESTION FIRST? since Napoleon had promised to grant several political concession in 1852, he made several concession in 1859. It would be his advantage to share the responsibility of the government with the legislative and a means to conciliate his oppoents. In 1859, an amnesty was granted to all political exlies except Ledru-Rollin. The parliment was granted greater legislative and financial freedom, the press was allowed to recod the parlimentary debates. it was agreed that the budget should be voted by sectoin instead of en bloc, if the legislature was not in session, there was th e right of borrow money. Most importantly, The workers were allowed the right to strikes in 1864. there were political unrest through out the years to 1867. the disastrous foreign policy of the country led to a rising of the opposite party. they urged political reform and formed a mounting presure to Napoleon. Eventualy in 1867, Napoleon gave in and made some other concession. In 1867 the legislature was given greater power and the right of interpellation. An Act ensourage the growth of trade unionism in 1868, which contributed ot a growth of trade union and an epidemic of strikes. the press censorship was relaxed and there was a limited right of public meeting which led to a growth of opposition press spreading the ideas of republic and Orleanist. with the growing strength of the oppositting party, the french government have to grant the creation of a responsible ministry in 1869, the legislative Assembly was allowed to propose laws, criticise and votethe budget and to choose its own officials. The leader of the Third Party was invited to form a cabinet representative of the majority of the legisture as well. Further concession was made in the 1870. The senate was converted into an upper house, sharing legislative powerwith the assembly. A plebiscite was held in May intended to strength th position of the Emperor, though it only show the powerful left wing support in the cities. though concession was made in the government, the emperor would be overthrown for the poor foreign policy. OK. | ||
| ctk ( - 202.64.92.195) Rating: N/A |
1. Describe the various stages by which the Second Empire was transformed into a parliamentary democracy. (8-10) 2. What did Napoleon III achieve in foreign affairs before 1861? (11) 3. Explain in what way the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was a humiliation for France. (16) |
